Billy Swan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Billy Swan. Birth name. William Lance Swan. Born(1. 94. 2- 0. May 1. 2, 1. 94. 2 (age 7. Cape Girardeau, Missouri, United States. Apply for easy scholarships listed on this website. Scholarships are categorized by month, GPA minimum and more! Most easy scholarships here are open to all! Genres. Country music. Pop music. Occupation(s)Singer, songwriter. Instruments. Vocals, keyboards, guitar, drums. Years active. 19. Labels. Monument Records, A& M, Epic. William Lance "Billy" Swan (born May 1. American songwriter and country singer, best known for his 1. I Can Help". Biography[edit]Swan was born in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. As a child, he learned drums, piano and guitar, and began writing songs. His first big break was in 1. Clyde Mc. Phatter recorded "Lover Please", a song written by Swan when he was in a local band called Mirt Mirly & the Rhythm Steppers who had first recorded the song on Bill Black's Louis label.[1] Mc. CORE Dance provides a high quality dance education and performance opportunities to San Luis Obispo county dancers and to connect to the local, national and. Black Swan is the latest in a series of New American gastropubs in Clinton Hill/Bed Stuy. The interior tells the story of an impressive transformation from auto-body. Billy Swan; Birth name: William Lance Swan: Born May 12, 1942 (age 73) Cape Girardeau, Missouri, United States: Genres: Country music Pop music: Occupation(s). For relief of depression and anxiety; Natural herbal supplements that really do work! Feeling down, anxious or stressed? Qualify for FREE SHIPPING to NZ & Aus. Falsifiability or refutability of a statement, hypothesis, or theory is the inherent possibility that it can be proven false. A statement is called falsifiable if it. First Nations in Manitoba. As of March 2012, there were 140,975 registered First Nation members in Manitoba. A total of 84,874 members (60.2 per cent) lived on reserves. Empresa de desarrollo de software a medida con 19 años en el mercado, con certificación ISO 9001. Mantención e integración de software. Phatter's version quickly became a No. 7 pop hit. Swan moved to Memphis to work with Black, but this was cut short with Black's illness and subsequent death in 1. He also for a time worked on Elvis Presley's Graceland estate. He then moved to Nashville, which enabled him to write hit country songs for numerous artists, including Conway Twitty, Waylon Jennings, and Mel Tillis. In 1. 96. 9, Swan first took on the role of record producer, producing Tony Joe White's Top Ten hit "Polk Salad Annie". Swan also played bass guitar for Kris Kristofferson, and then signed a solo recording deal with Monument Records.[1]His first album included the song "I Can Help", a rockabilly number that topped the Billboard Hot 1. US and Canadian country charts in 1. Swan recorded the song in two takes (without overdubs) with an RMI organ that Kristofferson and singer Rita Coolidge had bought for him as a wedding gift. However, other albums with Monument, A& M, and Epic did not have nearly the success of his first.[1]In 1. Swan traveled to Havana, Cuba, to participate in the historic Havana Jam festival that took place between March 2–4, alongside Stephen Stills, the CBS Jazz All- Stars, the Trio of Doom, Fania All- Stars, Weather Report, Bonnie Bramlett, Mike Finnegan, Kris Kristofferson, Rita Coolidge and Billy Joel, plus an array of Cuban artists such as Irakere, Pacho Alonso, Tata GГјines and Orquesta Arag. Гіn. His performance is captured on Ernesto Juan Castellanos's documentary Havana Jam '7. Swan continued to tour as a member of Kristofferson's band, and has recorded two albums with Randy Meisner of The Eagles. In 1. 98. 6 he walked into a Californian studio (Bench Records) as part of a band called Black Tie and along with Meisner, Jimmy Griffin (†2. Bread), David Kemper (drummer), David Miner and David Mansfield recorded an album called When the Night Falls. He recorded another solo album, Like Elvis Used to Do in 2. Black Tie- style album with Meisner and Charlie Rich, Jr. Meisner, Swan & Rich".[1] As of 2. Swan remained a backing singer and session musician. Personal life[edit]Swan was married to his late wife Marlu (born: Been) for 3. Marlu died on February 1. They had two daughters, recording artists Planet Swan and Sierra Swan. Discography[edit]Year. Album. Chart Positions[3]US Country. USCANNOR1. 97. 4I Can Help (Monument)1. Rock 'n' Roll Moon (Monument)2. Billy Swan (Monument)2. Four (Columbia)————1. You're OK, I'm OK (A& M)————1. I'm Into Lovin' You (Epic)————Singles[edit]Year. Single. Chart Positions[4][5][6]US Country. USUS ACCAN Country. CANCAN ACGERAUSUK1. I Can Help"1. 16. I'm Her Fool"—5. Don't Be Cruel"——————2. Everything's the Same (Ain't Nothing Changed)"1. Just Want to Taste Your Wine" (with The Jordanaires)4. You're the One"7. Shake, Rattle and Roll"9. Hello! Remember Me"3. No Way Around (It's Love)"9. Do I Have to Draw a Picture"1. I'm into Lovin' You"1. Stuck Right in the Middle of Your Love"1. With Their Kind of Money and Our Kind of Love"3. Your Picture Still Loves Me (And I Still Love You)"5. Rainbows and Butterflies"3. Yes"6. 7————————1. You Must Be Lookin' for Me"4. I'm Gonna Get You"6. See also[edit]References[edit]External links[edit]. Falsifiability - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Falsifiability or refutability of a statement, hypothesis, or theory is the inherent possibility that it can be proven false. A statement is called falsifiable if it is possible to conceive of an observation or an argument which negates the statement in question. In this sense, falsify is synonymous with nullify, meaning to invalidate or "show to be false". For example, by the problem of induction, no number of confirming observations can verify a universal generalization, such as All swans are white, since it is logically possible to falsify it by observing a single black swan. Thus, the term falsifiability is sometimes synonymous to testability. Some statements, such as It will be raining here in one million years, are falsifiable in principle, but not in practice.[1]The concern with falsifiability gained attention by way of philosopher of science. Karl Popper's scientific epistemology "falsificationism". Popper stresses the problem of demarcation—distinguishing the scientific from the unscientific—and makes falsifiability the demarcation criterion, such that what is unfalsifiable is classified as unscientific, and the practice of declaring an unfalsifiable theory to be scientifically true is pseudoscience. Overview[edit]The classical view of the philosophy of science is that it is the goal of science to prove hypotheses like "All swans are white" or to induce them from observational data. Popper argued that this would require the inference of a general rule from a number of individual cases, which is inadmissible in deductive logic.[2]: 4 However, if one finds one single swan that is not white, deductive logic admits the conclusion that the statement that all swans are white is false. Falsificationism thus strives for questioning, for falsification, of hypotheses instead of proving them. For a statement to be questioned using observation, it needs to be at least theoretically possible that it can come in conflict with observation. A key observation of falsificiationism is thus that a criterion of demarcation is needed to distinguish those statements that can come in conflict with observation and those that cannot (Chorlton, 2. Popper chose falsifiability as the name of this criterion. My proposal is based upon an asymmetry between verifiability and falsifiability; an asymmetry which results from the logical form of universal statements. For these are never derivable from singular statements, but can be contradicted by singular statements. Popper stressed that unfalsifiable statements are important in science.[2]: 6 Contrary to intuition, unfalsifiable statements can be embedded in — and deductively entailed by — falsifiable theories. For example, while "all men are mortal" is unfalsifiable, it is a logical consequence of the falsifiable theory that "every man dies before he reaches the age of 1. Similarly, the ancient metaphysical and unfalsifiable idea of the existence of atoms has led to corresponding falsifiable modern theories. Popper invented the notion of metaphysical research programs to name such unfalsifiable ideas.[4] In contrast to Positivism, which held that statements are meaningless if they cannot be verified or falsified, Popper claimed that falsifiability is merely a special case of the more general notion of criticizability, even though he admitted that empirical refutation is one of the most effective methods by which theories can be criticized. Criticizability, in contrast to falsifiability, and thus rationality, may be comprehensive (i. Popper's philosophy and critical rationalism. Na. ГЇve falsification[edit]Two types of statements: observational and categorical[edit]In work beginning in the 1. Popper gave falsifiability a renewed emphasis as a criterion of empirical statements in science. Popper noticed that two types of statements[5] are of particular value to scientists. The first are statements of observations, such as "there is a white swan." Logicians call these statements singular existential statements, since they assert the existence of some particular thing. They are equivalent to a predicate calculus statement of the form: There exists an x such that x is a swan, and x is white. The second are statements that categorize all instances of something, such as "all swans are white". Logicians call these statements universal. They are usually parsed in the form: For all x, if x is a swan, then x is white. Scientific laws are commonly supposed to be of this type. One difficult question in the methodology of science is: How does one move from observations to laws? How can one validly infer a universal statement from any number of existential statements? Inductivist methodology supposed that one can somehow move from a series of singular existential statements to a universal statement. That is, that one can move from 'this is a white swan', 'that is a white swan', and so on, to a universal statement such as 'all swans are white.' This method is clearly deductively invalid, since it is always possible that there may be a non- white swan that has eluded observation (and, in fact, the discovery of the Australian black swan demonstrated the deductive invalidity of this particular statement). Inductive categorical inference[edit]Popper held that science could not be grounded on such an inferential basis. He proposed falsification as a solution to the problem of induction. Popper noticed that although a singular existential statement such as 'there is a white swan' cannot be used to affirm a universal statement, it can be used to show that one is false: the singular existential observation of a black swan serves to show that the universal statement 'all swans are white' is false—in logic this is called modus tollens. There is a black swan' implies 'there is a non- white swan,' which, in turn, implies 'there is something that is a swan and that is not white', hence 'all swans are white' is false, because that is the same as 'there is nothing that is a swan and that is not white'. One notices a white swan. From this one can conclude: At least one swan is white. From this, one may wish to conjecture: All swans are white. It is impractical to observe all the swans in the world to verify that they are all white. Even so, the statement all swans are white is testable by being falsifiable. For, if in testing many swans, the researcher finds a single black swan, then the statement all swans are white would be falsified by the counterexample of the single black swan. Deductive falsification[edit]Deductive falsification is different from an absence of verification. The falsification of statements occurs through modus tollens, via some observation.[6] Suppose some universal statement U forbids some observation. O: Observation O, however, is made: So by modus tollens,Although the logic of na. ГЇve falsification is valid, it is rather limited. Nearly any statement can be made to fit the data, so long as one makes the requisite 'compensatory adjustments'. Popper drew attention to these limitations in The Logic of Scientific Discovery in response to criticism from Pierre Duhem. W. V. Quine expounded this argument in detail, calling it confirmation holism. To logically falsify a universal, one must find a true falsifying singular statement. But Popper pointed out that it is always possible to change the universal statement or the existential statement so that falsification does not occur. On hearing that a black swan has been observed in Australia, one might introduce the ad hoc hypothesis, 'all swans are white except those found in Australia'; or one might adopt another, more cynical view about some observers, 'Australian bird watchers are incompetent'. Thus, na. ГЇve falsification ought to, but does not, supply a way of handling competing hypotheses for many subject controversies (for instance conspiracy theories and urban legends). People arguing that there is no support for such an observation may argue that there is nothing to see, that all is normal, or that the differences or appearances are too small to be statistically significant. On the other side are those who concede that an observation has occurred and that a universal statement has been falsified as a consequence. Therefore, na. ГЇve falsification does not enable scientists, who rely on objective criteria, to present a definitive falsification of universal statements. Falsificationism[edit]Na. ГЇve falsificationism is an unsuccessful attempt to prescribe a rationally unavoidable method for science. Sophisticated methodological falsification, on the other hand, is a prescription of a way in which scientists ought to behave as a matter of choice. The object of this is to arrive at an incremental process whereby theories become less bad. Na. ГЇve falsification considers scientific statements individually. Scientific theories are formed from groups of these sorts of statements, and it is these groups that must be accepted or rejected by scientists. Scientific theories can always be defended by the addition of ad hoc hypotheses. As Popper put it, a decision is required on the part of the scientist to accept or reject the statements that go to make up a theory or that might falsify it. At some point, the weight of the ad hoc hypotheses and disregarded falsifying observations will become so great that it becomes unreasonable to support the base theory any longer, and a decision will be made to reject it. In place of na. ГЇve falsification, Popper envisioned science as progressing by the successive rejection of falsified theories, rather than falsified statements. Falsified theories are to be replaced by theories that can account for the phenomena that falsified the prior theory, that is, with greater explanatory power. For example, Aristotelian mechanics explained observations of everyday situations, but were falsified by Galileo's experiments,[6] and were replaced by Newtonian mechanics, which accounted for the phenomena noted by Galileo (and others).
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